Understanding
Home Equity Loans: What They Are and How They Work
What is a home equity loan?
A home equity loan allows you to borrow money using the equity you've built in your property as security. Your equity is the difference between what your property is currently worth and what you still owe on your home loan. As you make repayments and as your property's value grows over time, your equity increases.
Accessing that equity doesn't require you to sell your home. Instead, you borrow against it, increasing your total loan balance in exchange for a lump sum of cash, an approved credit limit, or an increased redraw facility. Because the loan is secured against your property, the interest rate is significantly lower than unsecured alternatives like personal loans (typically 8–14% p.a.) or credit cards (typically 15–22% p.a.).
In Australia, equity access is most commonly structured as a home loan top-up with your existing lender, a cash-out refinance to a new lender, or a line of credit facility. We explain each of these in detail below.
How to calculate your equity and your usable equity
There are two equity figures worth understanding: your total equity and your usable equity. They are not the same.
Total equity is the straightforward calculation: your property's current market value minus your outstanding loan balance.
Usable equity is the amount most lenders will actually allow you to access. Most Australian lenders cap total borrowing at 80% of the current property value. This means your usable equity is calculated as: (current property value × 80%) minus your outstanding loan balance.
Worked example:
Your home is currently valued at $950,000. Your remaining loan balance is $420,000.
- Total equity: $950,000 – $420,000 = $530,000
- 80% of $950,000 = $760,000
- Usable equity: $760,000 – $420,000 = $340,000
In this example, $340,000 is the maximum amount you could potentially access without paying LMI and without selling your home. What you can actually access depends on your income and serviceability, the lender's policies, the property type and location, and what you intend to use the funds for. We calculate this precisely for your situation before recommending any loan structure.
Borrowing above 80% LVR is possible with some lenders, but LMI applies, which can be costly. In most cases, staying within 80% LVR is the most cost-effective approach.
How equity grows
Equity builds through two mechanisms operating simultaneously: active reduction of your loan balance through repayments, and passive appreciation of your property's market value over time.
On a standard principal and interest loan, every repayment reduces your outstanding balance, slowly at first (when interest makes up a larger share of each repayment), and increasingly quickly as the balance falls. Making extra repayments accelerates this process and compounds the benefit over time.
On the property value side: national median property values have grown 937.9% over 40 years in Australia, from around $76,000 in 1986 to a record high of $880,000 in December 2025, according to Cotality. In Sydney specifically, long-run growth has been even stronger. This means that for many homeowners, a significant portion of their current equity wasn't earned through repayments; it arrived passively through market appreciation.
You can also actively boost your property's value (and therefore your equity) through renovations. A well-chosen renovation (an additional bedroom, bathroom upgrade, kitchen renovation, granny flat, or energy efficiency improvement) can add value to the property above the cost of the work, increasing your equity and your usable borrowing capacity simultaneously.